Theories of Desire

Speculations of Desire Presentation Sophocles composed the play Antigone in the exemplary year 442BC. Antigone keeps on attracting interests and scholarly discussions the postmodernism time. Boss among the conversations in the play rotates around hypotheses, fixations and new points of view of the great play. It has been seen that, as a state of truth, the play has been a fixation in the eighteenth century to date. In reality, academic premium and investigation clarify the connection among Antigone and the advanced political, questionable and struggle loaded times.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Theories of Desire explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, different quarters are of the view that Antigone presents nothing to be considered in the cutting edge henceforth excusing its importance to current premiums and applications. This paper adopts the cutting edge strategy in alluding to the importance of the play by basically giving an understanding on t he points of view of the speculations of want. It is contended that craving in Antigone is more prominent than the bounds of men and laws. Hypotheses of Desire in this setting is utilized to depict the fixation that individuals have in the general public. Fixation takes various shapes in the general public since individuals have various encounters. An endeavor to comprehend Antigone must be upheld by present day adjustments of the play by any semblance of Jean Cocteau, Bertolt Brecht, Jean Anouilh and Heaney. In the Anouilh’s content, the best concern spins around an assault of the family, youth, grandiose, goals and love and companionship. In opposition to Sophocles play, Anouilh leaves the amazing delineation of the way of thinking of the craving for death, strangeness and blended registers. An examination of these contrasts between the cutting edge and old style writings assists with understanding the secret encompassing the way of thinking of death in Sophocles’s A ntigone. In the traditional Antigone, Sophocles unmistakably shows that Antigone as a character is unfamiliar to the place where there is Thebes as shown by her words to her dad presently before his demise. In the play, her temperament of want is difficult to comprehend and is combined with her strict concerns. This is unique in relation to Anouilh messages that uphold that Antigone decision of death is an inspiration by the bluntness and absence of enthusiasm in life because of depression. This life as per Anouilh is one that rehashes itself in a cycle clarified by weariness from one absence of convincing life cycle to another pointless in the other. A reference to Anouilh may somewhat clarify the ongoing happenings of the uprisings in the Muslim and Arab universes (Sophocles and Johnston, p. 5). By relationship, the perfect held by the toppled governments speaks to Creon’s activities in certain regards. The youthful and the old in these states speak to the Antigone in Anoui lh’s content. Long periods of state disregard to the vital and essential necessities of the individuals discovered wants and request to live better lives inserted in the every day battle and hearts of the residents of these nations. In this manner, it is from one fundamental demonstration of denying the vital needs required for better lives later on that discovers structure in a commanding nature. This is through penance of lives and blood shedding, much the same as in Antigone.Advertising Looking for investigate paper on theory? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Sophocles the possibility of strangeness shadows Antigone’s activities and wants. Recapping the perspective on the Muslim and Arab universes, it is likewise certain that the citizen’s present day way to deal with things is very unfamiliar to the well established points of view of the more established request. Energized by the cutting ed ge utilization of innovation particularly, online networking, the young in these nations have the association of a family with goals and perspectives that people with great influence are not aware of and don't comprehend. For the old request, it is their home ground register; be that as it may, for the new ages, this is their place of activity thus especially unfamiliar to what has just been built up. The emphasis on strictness is a consistent token of the estimation of faith in what is correct and equity to follow. For Antigone, this circumscribed the conviction she had in her customs and consequently her religion. For the young in these nations, the confidence in change for a superior life and the need to diagram new courses takes after what was in Antigone. Nonetheless, Anouilh’s content must guide this view in the investigation that the Arab world uprising isn't about the decision of death as Creon watches. Hence, it gets vital to take note of that Anouilh’s conten t at this point leaves from the precepts of the Arab life and its outcomes to the advanced individuals. It is the longing to right what's going on all together that the people in the future may receive the rewards of the way of thinking of death. This is caught by Sophocles in Antigone of which later Creon discovers truth in. In this sense then Antigone from Anouilh turns into an alien to what Sophocles proposed. The distortion of Anouilh, in this way, permits a comprehension of the genuine effect of disaster one that is all around caught by Sophocles. In the expressions of Marcel Anouilh’s work comes up short on the quality expected to clarify human dramatization. As per him, Antigone’s by Sophocles, activities and wants must be clarified by conjuring the thoughts in religion simply like Kierkegaard. Along these lines, in this view, Anouilh’s content is a secularization of the activities in the catastrophe Antigone (Sophocles and Johnston, p. 15). Sophocles dis aster is a reasonable accentuation on the total inconsistency and hopelessness among Antigone and Creon. Unmistakably from their points of view they are both right in an amazing crossing out between the state and connection. The issue is that they can't appreciate one anothers moral perspective and force in Sophocles text.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Theories of Desire explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conflict, as Sophocles embraces shows up as a first layer of disharmony through antinomy in that between the two nobody is prepared to surrender ground for the other of which Anouilh neglects to demonstrate just Jean Racine’s content. In these two writings, Antigone’s world is described as an uncertainty between the living and the dead through organic clarifications. Creon and Antigone as introduced Racine and Antigone demonstrate that the two of them had choices, however they unmistakably proposed to be adversarial. On Antigone’s emphasis on strangeness and Kierkegaard interpretation of the degree of subjectivity, it turns out to be evident that contention between the state and the subject is an ensured event. The reality lies in the view that restrictions and offenses in the general public act as one to choose the destiny of the individuals who maintain them to the detriment of the state. Lacking commensurability in the above view again is a wellspring of contention between the subject and the state dependent on blame held by the subject. In this view Antigone, fits the bill for the two alternatives in Sophocles exemplary Antigone. By expansion, this clarifies the advanced connection among governments and their subjects. While religion states uniformity and majority rules system, much the same as the streaming waters; a profound careful examination uncovers that even the most popularity based governments have cases of prominent treatment simply like in Creon’s rule. Accordingly, Ki erkegaard’s perception that digressing from style is a need brings truth home on account of advancement. This strengthens his declaration that it is the resurrection of current disaster. Taking the case of the presentation of crisis circumstances in any country, it very well may be noticed that not all subjects carry on with a particular goal in mind to call for such measures. Despite what might be expected, there are residents who are acceptable in any event considering the circumstance while their siblings and sisters are on an inappropriate side of the law. Be that as it may, for this situation, the great endure with no endeavor to legitimize the limits. On the subsequent note, the subject’s want for her perspective plainly puts the state and the subject on a crash way. A subject has the commitment to follow what the state requires of for viable and productive administration. What's more, vote based system characterizes that the voice of the larger part ought to be heard. On the off chance that the subject isn't given their due requests, at that point fundamental enduring is taken as equity. This is planned for reestablishing the state under the undetectable intensity of the subject. Further, this may mean phlebotomy by a rare sorts of people who show up not practical. At long last equity is accomplished by the activity of a rare sorts of people who deny their lives for a superior reason. Along these lines, in this longing, legislative issues and what is vital right administers the event of such catastrophe. Enduring can be as death or even outcast. In Sophocles Antigone, there is the relocation of things from their ordinary request. As far as sexual orientation and religion, Antigone as a character goes over the edge of what is Athenian for her sex. Besides, Antigone doesn't speak to the state or the connection and neither the living nor the dead.Advertising Searching for examine paper on theory? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This intermixing of wants needs from Anouilh’s content. The way that the play bolsters Antigone, however a pariah to the happenings; Teireisia, uncovers that Sophocles’ perspective on the state as a static element ought to be addressed under the direction of standards not effectively chose normal human getting (Sophocles and Johnston, p. 39). Antigone’s want is missing as per Hegel. She speaks to what is outstanding and what is satisfactory in overabundance is too acceptable to even consider living. She speaks to the individuals who can't permit the state to convey own its exercises regardless of whether right or wr

Benefits of Swimming free essay sample

Swimming is a sound, minimal effort movement that you can proceed for an incredible duration. Swimming is a low-sway action that has numerous physical and psychological wellness benefits. Swimming Is an incredible exercise since you have to move your entire body against the obstruction of the water. Our country is encircled by water and swimming is one of our extraordinary interests. Just as being fun, swimming Is an extraordinary method to stay in shape, remain sound and make companions. Everybody ought to figure out how to swim. Swimming gives a wide scope of advantages for individuals of all age gatherings. Swimming is an ealthy action that you can proceed for a lifetime. So now, let me disclose to you the advantages of swimming. Expanded Muscle Tone and Strength Did you all ever observe an out of shape dolphin or a frail looking serious swimmer? We didnt think so. That is on the grounds that swimming is an incredible method to increment solid quality and muscle tone particularly contrasted with a few other oxygen consuming activities. We will compose a custom paper test on Advantages of Swimming or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Take running, for instance. At the point when a jogger takes scarcely any laps around the track, that jogger is just moving their body through air. A swimmer, then again, is impelling himself through water a substance around multiple times as thick as air. That implies that each kick and each arm stroke turns into an opposition exercise and its notable that obstruction practices are the most ideal approach to develop muscle tone and quality. lf you are menopausal, swim! It will Improve your bone quality. A Healthier Heart Because swimming is a high-impact work out, it serves to reinforce the heart, helping It to expand, however making It progressively effective in siphoning which prompts better blood stream all through your body. Vigorous activities have additionally been demonstrated to battle the bodys fiery reactions that lead to coronary illness. In the event that that is not nough to make you move In the pool. the American Heart Association reports that only 30 minutes of activity for every day, for example, swimming, can lessen coronary illness in ladies by 30 to 40 percent. Moreover, an examination by the Annals of Internal Medicine indicated that standard vigorous exercise could lessen circulatory strain, swim away hypertension, live more, and maintain a strategic distance from coronary heart maladies. Diminishes Stress On Your Bones Swimming, when done routinely, additionally forestalls Injuries since It decreases weight on your bones, joints and connective tissues. That is the motivation behind why competitors incorporate wimming in their dither works out. Our body isn't Just the one that benefits when we do ordinary swimming. Specialists state that swimming additionally unwinds and conditions our psyche. It diminishes pressure which is one of reasons for heart sicknesses and so forth. Individuals who experience the ill effects of wounds, back torments, joint inflammation and handicaps who can't connect with themselves Into various types of activity can do swimming since It doesnt require overwhelming movements. It is additionally fitting for pregnant ladies to embrace swimming since it conditions the body and lessens back agonies and other pre-natal disorder. For expecting moms who is Over the most recent couple of months of their pregnancy, they can utilize inflatable pools to do this activity. Everybody snou10 check out swlmmlng in any event once In tnelr IITe. It mlgnt not Decome a deep rooted enthusiasm for everybody except it will for a chosen few. Appreciate the medical advantages of swimming and carry on with a solid way of life. Becoming ill is precluded on the grounds that it won't worthwhile motivation weight to you and your family; it will likewise influence your life in manners you can't envision. Deal with our wellbeing since it is the main valuable thing you can have in this world.

Gender Payment Gap In The United States Research Assignment - 550 Words

Gender Payment Gap In The United States Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Students NameProfessors NameCourseDateGender payment Gap in the United StatesIntroductionThe gender payment gap refers to the difference between womens and mens earnings. The salary gap is usually expressed with respect to the percentage of what men earn. It is common knowledge around the globe that men have been earning higher than their women colleagues over eternity. In the America for example, women earn around 79 percent of what their male counterparts do earn for the same type of jobs they do.In Japan, women earn 27 percent less than men, that is, 73 percent. Europe is also a victim of income disparity whereby in a country like Denmark, women earn 15 percent less than their men counterparts. It is therefore important to note that the debate is not on whether gender pay gap exists but rather why the gap exists and facts concerning.It is also ideal that the causes of gender pay gap and the possible solutions that should be studied to resolve it are studied. Among some of the perceived causes of the phenomenon are gender discrimination in the economy. In this cause, women are believed to be less performing in the same tasks as men. Another believed cause of gender wage gap is that women tend to voluntarily select less paying jobs in the employment sector (Blau). Wage gap is father pronounced among the Hispanic and woman of color. For example, Black women earn 63 percent while Latina woman get paid only 54 percent of the amount paid to non-Hispanic White American men.On average, fulltime employed women in America lose a combination of up to $840 billion annually as a result of wage gap. The lost payments translate to women having less to save and invest as well as lower incomes to support their families. If the wage gap were to be catered for in the women incomes, it will mean women in the US will have enough income for approximately; an increased childcare period of up to fifteen months (Blau).According to Hadas and Moshe (1599), with the los t earnings, a woman will be able to pay for up to 1.2 more years of tuition fees for their children in an American Public University. Furthermore, retrieving the money lost through income disparity for women will mean that women could be able to feed their families for an additional period of one and a half ...

Are There Any Reasons to Consider That Russias Actions in Ukraine Threaten World Order Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The Russian annexation of Crimea opens a possibility to redraw borders according to the will of the local population and not according to the norms of international law. Any strong and powerful country can start intervention to support a minority in a neighboring state. Russia s actions can signal the beginning of a new cycle in world politics. Experts warn that new world order, which is likely to result from Russia s actions in Ukraine, might be much worse than American domination or even Cold War. New emerging world powers are now looking at Putin s actions and calculating their own next move in the struggle for world supremacy. In this view, only tougher sanctions on Russia can help preserve the respect of international agreements and state borders. Otherwise, new powers might start ignoring their international obligations. I picked the source because it was important to understand how Russia s actions were different from US foreign policy and former USSR expansion. The article s hows that not every political power in the world condemns Russia s actions in Ukraine. In my research, I want to consider different views on the problem to realize the implications of dispute for world order. We will write a custom essay sample on Are There Any Reasons to Consider That Russias Actions in Ukraine Threaten World Order or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The US and EU have imposed trade and travel bans after Russia s annexation of the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. It turned out that US sanctions affected the financial interests of Russian banks and tycoons to such an extent that Russia is ready to file a lawsuit against the US claiming WTO rules were violated.

The Moral Maturation of Huckelberry Finn Essay - 1364 Words

The Moral Maturation of Huckelberry Finn A novel structured on the theme of morality, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain focuses on Huck Finn’s multifaceted growing up process. Huck, through his escapades and misfortunes is obliged to endure the agonizing process from childhood to adulthood where he attains self-knowledge and discovers his own identity. Throughout the journey down the Mississippi River, Jim, Ms. Watson’s runaway slave, accompanies Huck, and is later joined by two con men. It is during this journey that a great moral crisis in Huck’s life occurs where he must make a painful decision as to whether he is going to give Jim up to the slave hunters or notify Ms. Watson about Jim’s whereabouts and assist him to†¦show more content†¦But that was enough. It made me feel so mean I could almost kissed HIS foot to get him to take it back. It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger; but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didnt do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldnt done that one if Id a knowed it would make him feel that way.† As a reader, you can noticeably see the number of lies Huck tells, even conning a few people. However, you can understand the importance of his white lies that led to the protection of Jim against slave-hunters by telling them his â€Å"father was ill with the smallpox.† Huck is also burdened with the fact that Jim considers him his best and only friend in the whole wide world, making him consciensously aware that he must now keep Jim protected under whatever circumstance. Pages 87-88 quotes Huck’s attempt at keeping the slave-hunters away from the raft. â€Å"†¦Only one, sir. Well, theres five niggers run off to-night up , above the head of the bend. Is your man white or black? †¦ Hes white. I reckon well go and see for ourselves. I wish you would, says I, because its pap thats there, and maybe youd help me tow the raft ashore where the light is. Hes sick—and so is mam and Mary Ann. †¦ Set her back, John, set her back! says one. They

Creativity in Market Segmentation Process

Question: Discuss about the Creativity in Market Segmentation Process. Answer: Introduction: Over the years, non-profit organizations across the globe have been employing marketing strategies to increase the awareness of their existence. The management of such organizations uses mechanisms that inform the targeted group concerning their activities and campaigns. The Planned Parenthood America is a non-profit organization that employs the website and social media campaigns to reach out to women and enhance the accessibility of healthcare. The group is seeking to strengthen the environment of healthy families within a society (Planned Parenthood, 2016). Planned Parenting America uses marketing strategies such as segmentation of the targeted population. It is clear to identify how the organization has prepared different forms of education and sensitization for women, men, and young people regarding their reproductive health. In the corporate sector, the relationship between the customers and the business can be enhanced through several mechanisms and approaches. The company is responsible for the interactions with the clients to ensure a high level of satisfaction for their customers. The Billabong has dedicated most of their resources and time to educating their targeted customers concerning the surfing, skiing, and skating. Through this approach, the business is building trust with the public who will later prefer the companys product in the market. Therefore, the strategy that the company has taken is essential in enhancing their relationship with existing and potential customers (Ringberg and Forquer, 2003). Moreover, the business is guaranteed of increased sales since the visitors gets on the web not only the information but also go ahead to check the products of the company. The Nestle Australia is implementing strategies that seek to improve the performance of the enterprise regarding revenue and sales. The organization is currently running two campaigns that are designed to increase the customers purchase of their products. The Nestle in Society and the Creativity Reinvents the Classics are the campaigns seeking to increase the performance of the organization regarding product promotion and social responsibility respectively (Nestle, 2016). The Nestle in Society is designed to assist their stakeholders in the community to conserve the environment by finding safe and alternative sources of energy and measures to control global warming. On the other hand, the Creativity Reinvents the Classics campaign is created by the NESCAFE Dolce Gusto coffee system to encourage the consumption of coffee. The strategy is targeting the creative personality and customers by incorporating Grammy award winner Will.i.am to bring the picture of coffee and creativity. The Cr eativity Reinvents the Classics campaigns will be successful in improving sales because of the creativity strategy used. The campaign encourages the taking of coffee indirectly because the first impression is the recognition of the element of Creativity and Classics. Moreover, the Nestle in Society campaign will also succeed since the part of the corporate social responsibility is essential in increasing the reputation and of the firm, which in turn attract more customers and enhance their loyalty (Tilt, 2016). Effective planning of the promotional campaigns is important in creating the anticipated impacts. Whenever a company is designing a marketing strategy, it is important to conduct an evaluation of the income distribution of the targeted population. The methods and processes used to identify the specific elements that define the disposable income of customers is important in designing the price of brands and services as well as the sales performance in the market. Therefore, organizations seeking to understand the trends and characteristics associated with income distribution in a particular region should conduct a succinct evaluation (Amuah, 2009). For the Northern Territory, is essential for organizations first to identify the target group or composition within the Northern Territory region. Once the particular population has been identified, it is necessary to outline the other associated characteristics that define income such as the qualifications and occupation. The value of the household for each is obtained by removing the liabilities such as the income tax, Medicare levies, and other surcharges from the gross income. The capacity to purchase services and goods for consumption depends on this value and the distribution across the targeted population in Northern Territory (Martinez et al., 2015). Moreover, such a value cannot be used to measure and predict the wealth disposal in the region. However, it is an essential tool for companys decisions on marketing and production. The process of selecting the market involves a comprehensive analysis of the associated factors. The formulated strategies depict how the organization will be successful regarding competition, customer satisfaction, and revenue generation. Therefore, there exists a possibility of each methodology being associated with limitations (Brochado and Martins, 2008; Kim and Lee, 2011). The following is a ranking of various marketing segmentation strategies for three organizations dealing with fast moving consumer good. RANK FIRM MARKET SEGMENTATION STRATEGY PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Coca- Cola Company The company has strengthened their campaigns to increase the sales amongst the young people by designing the products such as the branding of names and bigger containers essential for in-house parties. The company has also invested in diversity of tastes to suit the range of customer preferences The organization should concentrate not only on the young composition of the population but also the children and the older adults since they also consume the products 2 British American Tobacco The organization has developed brands at different levels in terms of quality and affordability to ensure that the low income earners access the products and the high-class also with the highly modified forms The company should consider the nature of quality for their cheap alternatives since it is essential for organizations to maintain uniform quality across the market for consumable products. Moreover, the business should invest more on corporate social responsibility to assist in enhancing the firms reputation, since the products have been noted to be harmful to consumers 3 Lifebuoy The organizations has for many years focused on family as the target market offering goods that suit the entire family The organization should focus on the diversity of needs across the family composition and incorporate the elements in production to ensure that the market has a diversity The changes witnessed in the demographic patterns that have been stable over the years depict the need for organizations to reconsider their revenue generation mechanisms. The changes in population growth rate are affecting the total government expenditure as well as the support services offered across the infrastructural development and social amenities. Life expectancy is concerning the retirement age and increasing the financial pressure to support the aging (Xinxin, 2008). The mortality and morbidity are also affecting the compensation rates across the insurance sector. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive approach to shield the risks emanating from skewed population trends across the globe. In the United States, the effect of aging baby boomers is noted to affect most of the industrial process and investments; however, several sectors will benefit from the phenomenon. The travel and tour industry will record tremendous income since the aging are associated with more traveling and outing events (Winston and Barnes, 2007). Moreover, the asset investment industry across the state is expected to increase since the aging will tend to invest the retirement benefits in liquid and tangible assets as an alternative source of income. Moreover, those specialized in business valuation will generate more revenue because of the selling and buying of assets. Furthermore, the medical sector will partially benefit since the aging baby boomers will need various healthcare services, which will spark innovation, discovery, and investment in the area of health. Nevertheless, the government will suffer in supporting the care needs of the group and solve the effect of strain on existing medic al facilities. References Amuah, H. B. (2009) The role of creativity in the market segmentation process and the benefits of strategic global positioning, SSRN Electronic Journal, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2245142 Brochado, A. O. and Martins, F. V. (2008) Market segmentation methodology: Segmentation basis and classification methods, Review of Business Management, pp. 132149. doi: 10.7819/rbgn.v10i27.174 Kim, T. and Lee, H. (2011) External validity of market segmentation methods, European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), pp. 153169. doi: 10.1108/03090561111095630 Martinez, A., Western, M., Haynes, M. and Tomaszewski, W. (2015) How income segmentation affects income mobility: Evidence from panel data in the Philippines, Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, 2(3), pp. 590608. doi: 10.1002/app5.96 Nestle (2016) News feed. Available at: https://www.nestle.com.au/media/news-feed#itemPerPage=20(Accessed:31 August 2016) Planned Parenthood (2016) Who we are. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are(Accessed:31 August 2016) Ringberg, T. and Forquer Gupta, S. (2003) The importance of understanding the symbolic world of customers in asymmetric businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ business relationships, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 18(6/7), pp. 607626. doi: 10.1108/08858620310492455 Tilt, C. A. (2016) Corporate social responsibility research: The importance of context, International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 1(1), doi: 10.1186/s40991-016-0003-7 Winston, N. A. and Barnes, J. (2007) Anticipation of retirement among baby boomers, Journal of Women Aging, 19(3-4), pp. 137159. doi: 10.1300/j074v19n03_10 Xinxin, M. (2008) Occupational career types of baby-boomers and their effects on employment pattern selection, Japanese Economy, 35(4), pp. 64106. doi: 10.2753/jes1097-203x350403

Midterm paper free essay sample

When considering the moral issues of both cases of Roosevelt Dawson and the ten hour old baby, there are a few concerns that should be reflected upon. In Dawson’s case, he has lived for twenty-one years and the use of his limbs has been dramatically taken from him. His quality of life can be seen as a moral issue because he would have to relearn how to function without limbs. This could take place outside of the hospital setting and in an assisted living home, which would more than likely be frustrating. He would have to endure the stares and the stories of his paralyzed limbs. The moral issue of discharging Dawson from the hospital should be considered because he is suspected of leaving and committing assisted suicide due to his quadriplegic condition. In the case of the baby, the moral issue is also of quality of life. The mother has decided to not have the surgery performed and have nutrients taken away from her child. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The baby has lived for less than ten hours and obviously cannot yet make a decision for herself. If the surgery was to be performed and the baby fully recovered, the quality of life would still come into play. Because she does not know how it is to live with working limbs, she would be able to cope and learn how to function better than in Dawson’s case. Although she would be would most likely cope better without limbs, the question arises of ‘what would she be able to do on her own? ’ She would need someone to be with her at all times: to feed her, bath her, go to the restroom with her, dress her, and all other everyday tasks. Thus, the quality of life in this child should be considered when deciding if she should have the surgery to remove the anomalies or not. Previously, the Metropolitan Hospital board had agreed to refrain from providing breathing assistance and/or nourishment for people who have so stated their wishes. Thus, in this case of Roosevelt Dawson, he has previously met with both his mother and his social worker discussing his choices as to what his options were after he is discharged from the hospital. This can create a legal issue due to the fact that Dawson was originally going to be able to be discharged from the Metropolitan Hospital. If the Metropolitan Hospital were to refrain from discharging Dawson, then that could cause some disagreements with Dawson’s wishes and the wants of his social worker and his physicians. Dawson has also been found completely competent, which can provide stability to his life after his current stay at the hospital and thus strengthen his case to leave. Regarding the case of the baby girl, it has been stated, in our text, that contemporary ethical and legal norms hold that all human beings born alive should be treated equally, regardless of disability. This can call for a legal case because if this baby girl were to have been born with legs and arms, would the mother still not want surgery performed? And if she did not wish to have surgery, then that would call into her competence and if she were able to make a proper decision about the situation? If all human beings born alive should be treated equally, then why does the mother not want to have surgery performed on her baby girl? Thus, because the mother is not treating her child as if she were a baby without a disability, the hospital can be accused of following through with the wishes of an incompetent woman. According to the Child Abuse Amendments (CAA) of 1984, which ended the political controversy over the federal role in decisions to withhold treatment from handicapped newborns, legal issues could arise from the hospital not treating the baby. This amendment strongly protects the rights and interests of those with disabilities and leaves little room for non-treatment decisions to be based on expected low quality of life or the interests of parents. All children, whatever the extent of their disabilities, are to be granted medical treatment unless they met the narrowly defined exceptions. Also, in our text, at the very least, CAA could be perceived as setting the standard of care to which hospitals and doctors would be held, both by accrediting bodies and by courts hearing challenges to nontreatment decisions. The baby girl case has similarities with the case of Miller v.  HCA, in our text. In this Texas Supreme Court decision, while recognizing that parents ordinarily have the right to consent to or to refuse medical care for their children, the court also recognized that an exception to the parental consent requirement arises when an emergent condition exists and treatment must occur immediately to prevent the death of the child. Although, in Miller v. HCA, the court found that the doctor’s initial resuscitation in Miller was justified because the situation was an emergency and there was not enough time necessary to get consent form the parents or from a court. The court only found the doctor’s actions rationalized because the doctor did not have enough time to consult with the parents before making the life or death decision. In this case, the physician has time to get consent from the mother, which could then be argued, that if the neonatal team would have been taking action without the mother’s consent, and would not be justified. The two cases of Roosevelt Dawson and the baby girl have a several significant similar qualities to them: loss of limbs, the quality of their lives would be questionable, and both Dawson and the baby have other parties trying to make a life or death decision for them. In terms of quality of life, Dawson is a recent quadriplegic patient and the baby girl has been born without limbs. When calling into account the quality of their lives without limbs, should the baby have surgery and Dawson leave the hospital, could be considered of extremely difficult quality of life. Finally, Dawson’s social worker is pushing a court order for Dawson to stay in the hospital and not be discharged, while the baby’s neonatal staff is pushing a court order to disregard the mother’s decision on not having the baby undergo surgery and removing the nutrients currently being given. Although there are some similarities surrounding the cases of Dawson and the baby, there are positively some differences that cannot go unmentioned. Firstly in the case of Roosevelt Dawson, he is a twenty-one year old completely competent male, wishing to leave the hospital. But, according to his social worker, he is has the intentions of assisted suicide. In the case of the baby, she is a less than ten hour old female. She cannot take nourishment orally because she has anomalies of the mouth and throat, which can be surgically removed. Her mother is refusing to give the neonatal staff permission for surgery and has asked the hospital not to nourish her baby girl. Because the baby cannot make a decision for herself, her mother is her making judgments for her. Thus, there are some similarities of the two cases, but there are specific differences between them, how they should be handled, and how their physicians should interact with both them and their families. In order to relate to the patients in these cases, there are four types of physician-patient relationship models that should be considered. The first type of relationship representation is the paternalistic model. According to our text, this model ensures that the patients receive the interventions that best promote their health and well being. In other words, the physician is acting as a guardian to the patient strongly suggesting or telling the patient what the best option for him or her would be in that particular scenario. The second type of relationship model is called the informative model. Here, the objective of the physician-patient interaction is for the physician to provide the patient with all relevant information, and the patient selects the option they want, and the physician follows through with their wishes. A fairly to-the-point model: provide the information, make a decision, act accordingly. The third model is the interpretive model. The aim for this model is to illuminate the patient’s values and what he or she actually wants, and to help the patient select the available medical interventions that realize their values. This model is more interpretive, the physician tries to assess the patient’s core values and help them make a decision after considering them. Lastly, is the deliberative model with the goal of this model is to help the patient determine and choose the best health-related values that can be realized in the clinical setting. In this model, the physician would suggest the best option for the patient’s health, not considering any moral values, but only those that would be best clinical wise. Considering all the types of physician-patient relationships explained in the previous paragraph, the best relationship that should be established in the case of Roosevelt Dawson should be the interpretive model. This model would best fit Dawson’s case because he needs to know what he values. Because what he values (could be his life, family, friends, functioning limbs) could have him change his mind in wanting to be discharged. Because what would be best for his health and therefore his values, could be to have him stay in the hospital or at home with a physician assisting him and his family. Thus, if he were to realize that his moral values were to stay alive, then the best way to do that would be to listen to the physicians around him. The type of relationship that should be established in the baby girl’s case should be the paternalistic model. This is because in this model, the physician would act as the baby’s guardian and implement what is best for the baby’s life and has obligations, including that of placing the baby’s interest above his or her own and soliciting the views of the mother, who seems to lack adequate knowledge of the situation. This is the best model for this case because the physician would initially be the guardian for the baby, rather than the mother, and will thus make the best decision for the baby and disregard the views of the mother. To keep in mind moral autonomy when assessing the physician-patient relationships is vital. Moral autonomy is defined in our text as: to act freely, is to act autonomously; to act according to a law you give yourself and not according to the desires of nature or pleasure; and to respect each person’s liberty to self-determine their own idea of the good. For the case of Roosevelt Dawson, moral autonomy can be valuable when looking at various perspectives. Dawson’s choice to leave the hospital relates to his ability to act freely; if he does in fact wish to commit assisted suicide, it is to act according to a law he has given unto himself. Thus, to respect each person’s liberty to self-determine their own idea of the good is to respect Dawson’s idea that being discharged from the hospital is his best option. In regards to the case of the baby and her mother: the baby girl is unable to act according to a self-given law, therefore the mother should be able to make decisions based upon a self-given law in regards to her child; because the baby is unable to make a decision for others to respect, the mother has made the decision to not follow through with surgery that the neonatal staff is having trouble respecting; and because the baby girl needs someone to make decisions for her, it would be her mother and the mother should be able to act freely, thus her decision to not give her baby the surgery or not. Also keeping in mind, as described in our book, utilitarian is a form of consequentialism and the results of actions are the only relevant feature in assessing actions. Considerations of someone’s intentions, feelings or convictions are seen as irrelevant to the question of ‘what is the right thing to do? ’ Under the point of view of utilitarian, the right thing to do is to maximize utility; good is determined by the overall net happiness that can be achieved. A utilitarian considers his or her own happiness, but no more and no less than the happiness of others, they are committed to the value of equality; with this, the right thing to do is to maximize utility (utility being the balance of pleasure over pain; happiness over suffering). In the case of Roosevelt Dawson, the parties involved are Dawson and his family. Regarding a short duration of time, some considerations for a utilitarian would be that Dawson is suffering while he remains alive but would be happy during death; this would be opposite for his family, they would be generally happy while Dawson is alive and they would suffer for a period of time after his death. Thus, death gives happiness to Dawson, but the reverse to his family in short term. But looking at the long term circumstance, his family along with Dawson himself would suffer because his family would have to take care of him and Dawson would have to cope with being quadriplegic (assuming Dawson is not going to commit assisted suicide). When discussing the case of the baby girl, the mom, the baby herself, and the neonatal staff would be the participants when discussing the situation under utilitarian pretenses. In this case, if the surgery were to be performed, then the mom would suffer because she would be taking care of a baby without limbs and neonatal staff being happy that they saved a child’s life. If the surgery was not performed, then the mother would be pleased to not have to take care of a limb-less child and the neonatal staff would be depressed about not being able to save a child’s life. Considering both short term and long term paths, if the surgery were to be preformed, it would cause the mother to suffer because her child does not have limbs, and the baby girl would struggle, due to the fact that she does not have any limbs. If the surgery were to not be performed, it would make the mother happy because she would not have a burden child, and the neonatal staff would be unhappy because the baby would have died. Again to take into consideration is communitarianism. This according to our text is ethical truth that must be sought in the universal belief of rationality. Whether ethical norms are conceived in terms of enlightened self-interest, maximized utility, or the recognition of autonomy and human rights, they are viewed by this tradition as objective and universal, applicable to all times and places. Since different individuals will naturally have different values and conflicting visions of the good life, a truly liberal society will not adopt any particular conception of the good life to the exclusion or lessening of others. Unlike utilitarian beliefs which would pose the question of ‘what option would maximize utility? ’ the communitarian view would ask ‘which policies will promote the kind of community in which we want to live? ’ According to our text, in the case of Roosevelt Dawson, communitarians reject the desire for elevating the individual above the social group or community. Consequently, letting Dawson out of the hospital with the suspicion that he would commit assisted suicide, would not be what was best for the community because a member could potentially die. On the basis that there is a potential loss of life if Dawson were to be released from the hospital, would have a negative effect on the community and therefore be the unwanted plan of action. Similarly, in the case with the baby girl and her mother, not performing surgery and taking away nutrients from the child would also cause negative feelings around the community. Therefore, in order to keep the population happy, to follow through with the surgery so the baby would be able to eat orally, would be the communitarian desired option. Taking into thought, as discussed in lecture, vulnerable populations are those of group identities where there is historical evidence that a group has been treated unequally badly by medical professionals. In both cases, because Roosevelt Dawson is a twenty-one year old African American man and the child is a less than ten hour old female, there is more of an obligation to let a twenty-one year old man make his own decisions and have someone else make the decisions for the newborn child. Due to the fact that Dawson is a part of the group considered ‘adults’, he should be able to make his own verdict on whether to leave the hospital or not. At this age, a person should be able to make a decision about his or her own life without someone, even though may be in a ‘higher position’ than you. The fact that Dawson is African American should not be a factor in how the hospital should treat him, race should not be taken into play at all, the hospital should be treating Dawson as they would treat any other twenty-one year old that has been checked into the hospital. Rather than his race, the hospital should be obligated to take into account Dawson’s age when considering his wishes, and they have more of an obligation to grant his wishes because of his adult status. On the other hand, the baby should obviously not be making its own decisions, because she does not know anything about the situation. She is only less than ten hours old and has yet to make any decisions in her life at all. The obligations of the hospital to keep her alive should be no different than the obligation to keep any person alive, but because the baby cannot have an opinion or a decision in the matter, the mother’s decision should be considered. Although, because the mother is making the decision to withdrawal nutrients and not follow through with the surgery, her opinion and her thought process behind it should be taken into account. Taking consideration of the baby’s inability to make a decision of life or death on her own, the hospital is more obligated to keep her alive even if her mother is telling the neonatal staff to let her die. My recommendation for the case of Roosevelt Dawson is to let him leave the hospital and be free to make his own decisions. From our text, this is a rights-based approach; this advances the idea that simply, by being human, people have rights regardless of the legal system under which they live. My suggestion to let Dawson be discharged from the hospital is also because of the principle-based method. The principle of utility, or utilitarianism, would in this case ultimately maximize happiness. This response is formulated by the Doctrine of the Double Effect (DDE). According to our text, the DDE is in response to the recognition that an act may have both a good and a bad effect. The permissibility of the action depends on whether the bad effect is intended or for seen and permitted to happen. Therefore, the act of letting Dawson leave the hospital is not intrinsically wrong. The good effect is produced directly by discharging him and not by the speculation that he may or may not wish to commit assisted suicide. There is only speculation that Dawson wants to commit assisted suicide, not concrete evidence, thus letting him leave the hospital would be in the best interest for Dawson, his family, and this hospital. With the case of the ten hour old baby girl, my proposal is to follow through with the surgery to remove the anomalies in her throat and have her be able to consume nutrients orally. This recommendation is stemming from the hobbesian contractarianism. From our text, everyone is better off restricting his or her own liberty to injure others, so long as the others do likewise. Thus, harming the baby (not removing the anomalies and taking away her nutrients) is not inherently wrong in this way, but it is to our mutual advantage to accept conventions that define such harm as wrong. By removing nutrients, we would be harming the baby, which would be restricting the liberty and therefore wrong. Also, to maximize utility would be to follow through with the surgery and keep the baby alive. This would make the maximum amount of people happy, including the hospital, and thus would be maximizing utility.